1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering agents are derived mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse spin-offs such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are broken down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful teams.
This double fondness enables the molecules to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces during mechanical oygenation, minimizing surface tension and supporting bubble development– an essential demand for producing consistent cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein frothing representatives are biodegradable, non-toxic, and show superb compatibility with Rose city cement systems as a result of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– commonly in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight affects foam security, drainage rate, and bubble size, making process control throughout hydrolysis vital for consistent efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (normally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the healthy protein option forms a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This film withstands coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the expense of smaller sized ones– by developing a mechanically robust interfacial layer enhanced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high development ratios (normally 15– 25:1) and reduced drain prices (
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